and pi is the correlation coefficient between the i-th ;ource and total income. According to the Pakistan Economic Survey (2006-07), the value of Gini-coefficient increased marginally in Pakistan between 2001 and 2005 on the basis of consumption. 121. 122. This inequality is presented in Tables 1 and 2. The Gini coefficient is a statistical measure used to calculate inequality within a nation. GINI Index for Pakistan. The Gini-coefficient decreased from 0.379 in 1984-85 to only 0.366 in 1987-88 as shown in table 1. Whereas the GINI-Coefficient is a measure of relative poverty, and it is use to measure the distribution of wealth at the world level. Conclusions: The relative size and distribution of sex workers and the sex worker-client patterns differs considerably in cities of Pakistan. At the same time, studies in Yue, Li and Gao in 2013 performed a study about the Gini coefficient calculation for China. Gini coefficient has been calculated for 22 states omitting Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Uttaranchal, Mizoram, Sikkim and Nagaland due to non-availability of continuous data series 5. Later, from 1998-99 to 2005-06 it declines 04 percentage points i.e. The Gini coefficient is a statistical measure used to calculate inequality within a nation. 0.3. While for forecasting the growth rates, moving average forecast and exponential smoothing method have been used. series of Gini coefficients in Pakistan over time , and Kemal (2006) examined the Gini coefficients for rural and urban workers6 (Figure 1). Index, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 2004 to 2012 (2018-02-27) GINI Index for Peru . Gini index (World Bank estimate) - Pakistan World Bank, Development Research Group. If the Gini coefficient for some variable (e.g., income) in a country has increased over time, it means that the distribution of that variable among the population has become more unequal. The findings revealed that the Gini-coefficients for agriculture, It continued to increase, reaching 0.315 in 2010. Figure 1 illustrates that income inequality increashas ed marginally in Pakistan over the last 4 decades, despite modest economic growth and recent trade liberalization efforts. 88. Usman Institute of Technology, Karachi, Pakistan Abstract Ginis coefficient has been studied extensively to gauge inequality of income for the total population of a state into a single digit between zero and one. Programmes should be planned and implemented accordingly. South Koreas average Gini coefficient a measure of inequality for 19901995 was 0.258, but with rising inequality its coefficient increased to 0.298 in 1999, two years after the onset of the financial crisis. Gini coefficient is the most commonly used measure of inequality. Source: Anwar (2005) and Jamal (2014) . (2003), Income Distribution in Pakistan and Agenda for Future Direction of Research, Human Conditions Report, Centre for Research on Poverty and Income Khan, A. R. (1967), What has been Happening to Wages in Pakistan. This research study has used Gini-coefficient, and Palma Ratio for measurement of asset disparities in Punjab (Pakistan). The data presented in these graphs and tables were produced by the Commitment to Equity (CEQ) project. the average distance between the 45 degree line and the Lorenz curve. Gini coefficient has increased from 0.164 in 1980-81 to 0.245 in 2007-08 . Pyatt et al. Gini coefficients as calculated by Jamal (2006) also show that Gini increases from 1990-91 to 1998-99 and later on it decreases till the study year 2001-02. The overall distributional inequality in client volume also varied substantially between cities, with the Gini coefficient ranging from 0.22 (low inequality) to 0.50 (high inequality). Slope of the linear regression line. (1980) have shown that the Gini coefficient of total income, G, can be written as: G - 2 Cov (y,r) (4) nA where n is the number of observations, y refers to the series of total The values 0 and 1 are extreme, so they are impossible in the real world. Graph and download economic data for GINI Index for Pakistan (SIPOVGINIPAK) from 1987 to 2018 about Pakistan, gini, and indexes. The Gini is also derived from the Lorenz Curve. from 2001 to 2011 from Economic Survey of Pakistan. 3.1. Pakistan GINI index was 36.2 % in 2018, down by 0.00% from the previous year. The lowest 43 percent population owned just 7 percent of total livestock holdings and highest 26 percent households owned 66 percent of total livestock holdings. So, economic inequality increased noticeably during and after the crisis. THE DATA SET This paper uses micro data of Pakistan Integrated Household (PIHS) Lorenz curve coincides with the diagonal in Figure 2) and 1 perfect inequality. Certain studies have estimated inequality measures of different areas for overall Pakistan including its rural and urban regions. Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income or consumption expenditure among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. Pakistan's gini coefficient was found to be 0.45 (in 1960-61) as against Pakistan GINI index was 36.2 % in 2018, down by 3.72 % from the previous year. Therefore, this paper chooses Gini Coefficient to measure income inequality in Pakistan between 1998-99 and 2001-02. A value of 0 percent represents perfect equality, while 100 percent represents the total concentration of income. the total Gini of a society is not equal to the sum of the Gini's for its sub-groups. The more nearly equal a country's income distribution, the lower its Gini index, e.g., a Scandinavian country with an index of 25. also varied substantially between cities, with the Gini coefficient ranging from 0.22 (low inequality) to 0.50 (high inequality). Pakistan, Government of (2001), FBS also explain that Gini coefficient decreases from 1998-99 to2001-02. As a benchmark, 0.39 is the Gini coefficient in Iceland before redistribution. World map of the Gini coefficients by country. needs has been made. Gini index (World Bank estimate) World Bank, Development Research Group. The higher the coefficient is, the greater the income gap in a society. This inequality is presented in Tables 1 and 2. According to the report, Bangladesh has Gini coefficient of 0.31 while Bhutan is on the top with 0.36 Gini coefficient. Through this calculation, we achieve a result between 0 and 1, which 0 representing perfect equality, and 1 absolute inequality. 2 In comparison to Pakistans geographic neighbours Bangladesh and India, we find that the entire subcontinent is characterised by a similar degree of income inequality (World Bank, 2005). Based on World Bank data ranging from 12 INEQUALITY IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC Figure 1.3 Changes in income inequality by country, 1990 and 2014 Source: ESCAP.

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